What is the Definition of Contrast in Art - About.com

Contrast is one of the main principles of art defined by art historians and critics. It is a strategy used by an artist to break up a work of art, and alter or even shatter its unity by inserting variation. In many ways, contrast is the opposite of the element of unity, in that it commands the viewers attention by sheer force of its differences.   Art historians and critics regularly include contrast as a main principle of art, although often in a number of different ways. Contrast is known by a range of terms, such as variety or variation, difference, unevenness, individuality, and novelty. Contrast Paired with Unity Contrast can be a matter of arranging opposite elements (light versus dark, rough versus smooth, large versus small) within an artists piece, when the artist is working specifically to echo and repeat different levels of unity. In such artwork, contrasts can be paired colors which are chromatic opposites: in a work strictly adhering to unity those colors would be complementary. When the artist uses contrasting paired shapes such as two circles of different sizes, or a triangle and a star of the same size, contrast can be seen as opposite but partnered with the element of unity.   One example of the kind of contrast that works hand and hand with unity is that of the classic womens suits of Coco Chanel. Chanel paired a unified set of contrasting colors—primarily but not exclusively blacks and whites—and rectangles and squares as a contrast to the unified whole of a womans soft colors and shapes. Coco Chanel. Chanel Antagonism of Color and Shape Contrast can also be antagonist colors and shapes: Renaissance painters like Rembrandt and Caravaggio used the contrasting technique known as chiaroscuro. These artists set their subjects in a darkly lit room but picked them out with a single pool of contrasting light. In these types of uses, contrast does not express parallel ideas, but rather, sets aside the subject as unique or significant or even sanctified compared to its background.   In its Gestalt sense, contrast is arousal-driving, or emotion-producing or -stirring. Contrasting areas in art can have high information content, and express complexity, ambiguity, tension, and variability. When opposing shapes are set next to one another, the viewer is often immediately drawn to the polarity of the images. What is the artist trying to convey with the difference?   Measured or Controlled Contrasts Contrasts can be measured, or controlled: extreme variety can make a piece into a chaotic unintelligible jumble, the opposite of unity. But sometimes that works. Consider Jackson Pollacks canvases, which are extremely chaotic and laid down in contrasting lines and blobs of color, but the end effect is rhythmic in composition and unified in all of its variety.   So, in effect, unity and contrast are two ends of a scale. The overall effect of a composition located near the variety/contrast end would be described as interesting, exciting, and unique. Sources Frank, Marie. Denman Waldo Ross and the Theory of Pure Design. American Art 22.3 (2008): 72-89. Print.Kim, Nanyoung. A History of Design Theory in Art Education. Journal of Aesthetic Education 40.2 (2006): 12-28. Print.Kimball, Miles A. Visual Design Principles: An Empirical Study of Design Lore. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 43.1 (2013): 3-41. Print.Lord, Catherine. Organic Unity Reconsidered. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 22.3 (1964): 263-68. Print.Thurston, Carl. The Principles of Art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 4.2 (1945): 96-100. Print.

Should Marijuana be Legal in Canada - 1093 Words

Marijuana is a drug that is prepared from the bloom head (flower) of cannabis plant and it is utilized as a medication in some conditions, such as, glaucoma and so forth. This pill has some destructive impacts and is recognized as illegal medication apart from a few states in United States and Amsterdam. Marijuana is a widespread drug and has damaging consequences for individuals. An enormous debate has started, in numerous countries should consumption of Marijuana should to be legalized or not? Canada is also amongst those nations where this issue is debated, it has grasped attention of many people, and the majority of individuals feel that utilization of Marijuana should not be legitimized in Canada, Since this drug is remarkably unsafe†¦show more content†¦The fourth and most common effect of marijuana is that it weakens body immune system to this much extent that a common diseases like cold, cough can cause a lot of problem for the individual who smoke marijuana in exce ss amount. Smoking marijuana regularly can suppress body’s immune system; hence the people who smoke marijuana are more certain to get cancer and other infectious diseases. This is due to chemicals which are present in marijuana that invokes immune system cells called myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Zuckerman 765). Cannabinoids in marijuana deteriorates the immune system, in a way that it makes it more intricate for the body to fight infections. After smoking marijuana, the immune system uses its defensive mechanism to protect the body; as a result it burns up the fat deposits and sugar deposits which are reserved by the immune system in time of emergency to save live. Fifth effect of using marijuana is that it causes harmful effects during pregnancy. Marijuana consists of an ingredient called THC. It is known that it passes from mother to the fetus through placenta. Hence any amount of marijuana can effect fetus and cause complications. Use of marijuana during pregnancy can also affect children reproduction and studies indicate that it effect the baby’s brain development process. Marijuana also decreases sperm quality and decreases the ability of sperm to move quickly; in addition it also changes the structure ofShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Prohibition Canada1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe Controlled Substances Act (Marijuana Prohibition) CLN-4U Unit One Essay Cailey Bazik CLN 4U – Unit One Essay Controlled Substances Act Marijuana Prohibition The Controlled substance act pertaining to Marijuana has been a long on going battle as to whether marijuana should be legal in Canada and taken out of this act. The law behind the drug has a long history and many failed attempts at decriminalization. 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In consideration of academicRead More Decriminalization of Marijuana in Canada Essays1352 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is currently a hot topic of debate throughout Canada, and has been for the past few years. Marijuana was first banned in 1923 under the Opium and Drug Act, but since 1997 the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act have controlled it. In 2000, over 30,000 Canadians were charged with possession of marijuana. Currently, the marijuana laws are not enforced equally across the country, which has prompted the interest in changing the laws or possibly decriminalizing marijuana. Also, those convictedRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Be Legal994 Words   |  4 PagesThe legalization of marijuana has been a very hot topic across Canada since the 2015 federal elections. This is because elected Liberal leader, Justin Trudeau has suggested the legalization, regulation and taxation of Marijuana. This essay will touch upon the Marxian explanation of why marijuana could be come legal, why the use of marijuana is seen as an illegal/legal activity from a Durkheimian perspective, and lastly how people view marijuana use and how they view the use of the law to regulateRead Morelegalizing marijuana1044 Words   |  5 PagesLegalization of Marijuana Cannabis sativa or marijuana, is most known for its euphoric psychological effects when consumed. Many Canadians take part in the use of marijuana which has been illegal in Canada since the early 1900s. The topic of marijuana legalization in Canada has been a highly controversial topic over the last century. It has been discussed recently in the news due to Washington and Colorado both voting to legalize marijuana in November of 2012. The Liberal and Conservative parties

Buad 310 Case Analysis Instruction Free Essays

BUAD 310 Spring 2013 Case Due by 4PM on Friday, May 3rd (in BRI 400C) In this case you will apply statistical techniques learned in the Regression part of BUAD 310. Please read the following instructions carefully before you start: †¢ This assignment uses data from the file MagAds13S. XLS, which you can download from Blackboard. We will write a custom essay sample on Buad 310 Case Analysis Instruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now After you download the file go to Data Load data from file in StatCrunch to open it (you don’t need to change any of the options when loading this data. ) †¢ The entire report should be typed and clearly presented without typos and grammatical errors. Copy and paste the relevant (explained further in more detail) regression output into your document. Do not attach any graphs. †¢ You are encouraged to work in groups (maximum size is 5). Any group submits only one report, in which the first page should have all the names and USC ID of the group members. A hard copy of the report needs to be submitted (an electronic copy is NOT acceptable). Before May 3rd, you can also hand in the report during class. When I am not in my office (BRI 400C), please drop the report in the office through the gap between the door and floor. Very important: present the problems in exactly the same order as they are listed. †¢ A note to Mac user: you might need to hold â€Å"shift† when selecting variables for the X-variables with multiple linear regression in StatCrunch. Magazine Advertising What factors influence the price of advertisements in magazines? Suppose you are part of a team of consultants hired by a retail clothing company wish ing to place advertisements in at least one magazine. They are curious about what types of costs they can expect for magazines with different readership bases so they most effectively utilize their advertising budget. Your team has collected cost data on 44 consumer magazines. In addition, your team has measured some other characteristics of the magazines and their audiences that may be useful in understanding the advertisement costs better. The variables are as follows, pagecost: Cost of a four-color, one-page ad (in dollars) circ: Circulation (projected, in thousands) percmale: Percent male among the predicted readership medianincome: Median household income of readership (in dollars) Some natural logarithms of the variables are also provided for your convenience. Your goal is to analyze the data with StatCrunch using Multiple Linear Regression methods and choose the best model to explain the differences in advertising costs between the different titles, and then to predict what the retail clothing company should expect to pay for advertising in the different magazines. Answer the following questions (with reasonable detail, not just â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†, use one or two sentences per question). 1. Visually examine the scatter plots of the response variable, pagecost, versus each of the explanatory variables (circ, percmale, medianincome). In StatCrunch you can go to [Graphics( Scatter Plot] to do each plot. Describe the form and the direction of each relationship. Do not attach any graphs. 2. Perform a Regression analysis to predict pagecost using all three explanatory variables [Stat ( Regression ( Multiple Linear, then fill in the proper Response and Predictor variables, then click Next twice and under Save options select Residuals, Predicted values and 95% interval for either the mean or an individual (you will have to decide which one you need for part d! ). For he CI (or PI) to be produced you need to enter the values from part d in the row underneath the data table, in appropriate columns. Note that the value for circ has to be entered in the same units as all the values in the circ column. To produce a residual plot do a Scatter plot as in question 1, selecting Residuals as the Y variable and Predicted values as the X variable]. Include the regression output, but not the plot. a. Use the R-squared and the F-tes t to comment on the usefulness of the regression model you fitted (use the significance level of 5% for the test). b. Evaluate the regression assumptions by assessing the residual plot. c. Examine each of the explanatory variables individually to determine which are contributing significantly to the model. (Use the significance level of 5 %. Do NOT actually eliminate any variables from the regression at this stage. ) d. Using the same model with all the variables, provide an appropriate 95%-level interval to the retail clothing company for the amount that they would pay for a full-page ad in a magazine with a projected audience of 2,000,000 readers, 55 percent of which are male, with a median income of $30,000. Explain in one sentence and in simple terms what this interval means. 3. Rerun the regression in part 2 with circ replaced by LN_circ (the natural logarithm of the variable circ), keeping all the other variables the same. Include the relevant regression output (only the coefficient and ANOVA tables). [Stat ( Regression ( Multiple Linear, then fill in the proper Response and Predictor variables, then click Next twice and under Save options select Residuals and Predicted values. Produce a residual plot the same way as in question 2]. a. How does this model compare to the previous model using R-squared? Explain what this difference in the R-squared values means in simple terms. b. Evaluate the regression assumptions by assessing the residual plot. c. Examine each of the independent variables individually to determine which are contributing significantly to the newest model. (Use the significance level of 5 %. Do NOT actually eliminate any variables from the regression at this stage. ) 4. Rerun the regression in part 3 with LN_pagecost (the natural logarithm of pagecost) as the response (i. . the explanatory variables are LN_circ, percmale and medianincome). Include the regression output. [Stat ( Regression ( Multiple Linear, then fill in the proper Response and Predictor variables, then click Next twice and under Save options select Residuals, Predicted values and 95% interval for either the mean or an individual (you will have to decide which one you need for part d! ). For the CI (or PI) to be produced you need to enter the values from part d in the row underneath the data table, in appropriate columns. Note that the value for LN_circ has to be entered in the same units as all the values in the LN_circ column. Also note that the interval will be produced for the LN_pagecost variable. To produce a residual plot do a Scatter plot as in question 1, selecting Residuals as the Y variable and Predicted values as the X variable]. a. Evaluate the regression assumptions by assessing the residual plot. b. Examine each of the explanatory variables individually to determine which are contributing significantly to the new model. Use a significance level of 5%. . Remove the variables you find insignificant and re-run the model. Include the regression output for the new model. d. Using the new model, provide an appropriate 95% -level interval to the retail clothing company for the amount they would pay for a full-page ad in a magazine with the values given in 2. d (projected audience of 2,000,000 readers, 55 percent of which are male, with a median income of $30,000) using the newest model. Explai n in one sentence and in simple terms what this interval means. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: (roughly about ? to 1 page) You are given the task of summarizing your findings for the board of directors of the retail clothing company. Since they are not very well-versed in regression techniques, you will need to explain things in easy-to-understand, simple and practical terms. Make sure to answer the following questions within the summary: 1. Describe each of the models you considered in parts 2-4 and how these models estimate the relationship between the cost of one-page ad and each of the explanatory variables (for each of the models you will need about one sentence per explanatory variable). . Specify which model you would recommend to best forecast the cost of one-page advertisements. Explain why this model should work well and why you picked this particular model from the ones you tried (go over the positives you see for this model and the negatives for the other models). †¢ Reminder: include only the relevant regression output in your final document. Do not attach or include any graphs. How to cite Buad 310 Case Analysis Instruction, Papers

Relationship between Motivation and Job Satisfaction Samples

Question: Examine the relationship between Motivation and Job Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction This paper will be able to review articles relating to motivation and job satisfaction in the work environment. It will determine the relationship that exists between job satisfaction and motivation of employees. Employees will be satisfied with the job if they are motivated by their employers. The paper will be able to examine in detail the relationship that will exist between the motivation of the employees and the job performance. According to Armstrong, (2014) employee motivation and performance are the key factors in any organization. Motivation refers to the process of motivating people to be able to achieve their goals in the organization. Some of the psychological factors that may motivate employees in organization are the need of more money and respect of others.Motivation is very important in the management of the organization. Motivation is used to encourage workers to be able to make an optimistic input in achieving organizational objectives and goals. On the other hand job satisfaction refers to the level of contentment by the employee with their job .The nature of their work favors them and there is less supervision. Job satisfaction can be fulfilled when employees work to achieve the targets and goals that are set by the organization. The measurements of job satisfaction include the following; appreciation, communication, job conditions, nature of work, personal growth, policies , promotion of empl oyees, security and supervision.According to Pinder,(2014) states that job satisfaction reflect the happiness derived in their job by the activities that they perform. Motivation is one of the key factors that move the employees or human being to achieve his or her goals. Motivation is a guiding principle that is able to allow people to be focused on their success despite the challenges the people face. According to Arifin, (2014 ) motivation can be of two forms intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation refers to direct relationship between a worker and the task the employee is given. E.g. achievement and competence of the employees. The employees in this case should learn from the activities in the job environment .On the other hand extrinsic motivation comes from the work environment which includes good salary and benefits. Job satisfaction is affected by motivation given by the employers in the work environment. One of the factors that are affected by motivation in the work environment is commitment. The commitment of the employee is enhanced when he or she feels motivated and satisfied at his or her job. If an employee feels that he or she is motivated at work he would work hard in the level of employment since he will e satisfied with his or her work. Motivation and job satisfaction goes together in hand to enhance commitment. Job satisfaction in the work environment can be achieved through vary approach which incorporates vary approach. Vary approach is used to vary the routine activities of the organization to build excitement in the organization. Vary approach can be applied by building contests on the job challenges that affect the employees and help to build overall productivity. By expanding motivation of the employees it leads to job satisfaction. Though it is difficult to motivate employees, it is advisable to look for the desires and needs of the employees. The managers should also lead the job teams by serving as their role model ( Atmojo,2015). Feeling worth is one of the elements of motivation in the work environment. If an employee feels worth in the organization both mentally and emotionally then he and she will be able to be satisfied with his job. The employees need to be praised based on their performance, talents and reward them on different types of gratitude. Also the manager can help design projects that will bring more new equipments and materials that will help the employees achieve their objective by bringing the feeling of worth among the employees. Another element of motivation that affects job satisfaction is optimism. There is a link between optimism and job satisfaction. Leaders in the organization need to encourage optimism especially during the time of challenges. Low job satisfaction leads to employees to work less due to low motivation, low self esteem and negative aspect of life (Danish,2010). According to Liu,(2011) increase in salary is one of the motivating factors that will affect job satisfaction. Other factors that will affect motivation leading to the job satisfaction of employees are annual leave, promotion of the employees, performance appraisal, recognition of the employees and lastly motivation talks with the employees in the job environment. Future Research Based on the above research other future researches need to be conducted which are in line with the study. One of the future research that need to be conducted is the relationship between motivation and performance. When an employee is motivated by an increment in salary or goven any promotion then the employees are motivated to work more harder leading to good performance. Research should be done to determine the relationship between performance and motivation. Another research to be conducted include the relationship between intelligence and job performance. The performance of the organization is determined by the level of intelligence of employees hence the need for the research. Conclusion Low motivation which leads to low job satisfaction since it leads to lack of enthusiasm at work, lack of clear career projection. The management and employers need improve the work place environment like recognition of employees in organization, involving them in decision making and lastly incorporating incentives and bonuses in salaries to improve motivation leading job satisfaction of employees (Kuvaas,2009). References Andersen, L. B., Kjeldsen, A. M. (2013). Public service motivation, user orientation, and job satisfaction: A question of employment sector?.International Public Management Journal,16(2), 252-274. Arifin, H. M. (2014). The influence of competence, motivation, and organisational cultureto high school teacher job satisfaction and performance.International Education Studies,8(1), 38. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resourc management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Atmojo, M. (2015). The influence of transformational leadership on job satisfactio organizational commitment, and employee performance.International research journal of business studies,5(2). Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), 980. Danish, R. Q., Usman, A. (2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation: An empirical study from Pakistan.International journal of business and management,5(2), 159. Klassen, R. M., Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress.Journal of educational Psychology,102(3), 741. Liu, B. C., Tang, T. L. P. (2011). Does the love of money moderate the relationship between public service motivation and job satisfaction? The case of Chinese professionals in the public sector.Public Administration Review,71(5), 718-727. Pinder, C. C. (2014).Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Kuvaas, B., Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development,intrinsic motivation and work performance.Human resource management journal,19(3), 217-236. Zhang, X., Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement.Academy of management journal,53(1), 107-128

The Movie Riview of My Sisters Keeper free essay sample

Just follow the instructions below Write in your own words DO NOT Plagiarize [pic] ? Go watch a movie (preferably one with some ethical values) ? Review the ethical values of the movie ? Write a 5-page report (font Arial 11 1 ? spacing. ) excluding the cover salutation pages (if you write less than 5 pages you are actually penalizing yourself if you write more than 5 pages I would penalize you) ? This is a formal report so no colorful pages, no cartoons or flowery cover page but you may insert appropriate clip arts or download appropriate photos to make reading more interesting ? Go to pages 18 – 27 learn by yourself before you start writing your essay! Compulsory Contents: Write in an essay format Page 1: ? Write only ? page (not more) synopsis about the movie. Do not plagiarize the synopsis. ? Identify the stakeholders and explain their stakes ? Identify the main Villain also the Hero / Heroine in the movie ? Discuss ethical dilemma (s) of the Villian Discuss ethical dilemma (s) of the Hero / Heroine Page 2 3: Review the movie by writing on the following: ? Study the actions that happened in the movie, then analyze the following: o Discuss the ethical / moral and legal (if any) issues in the movie o Discuss the actions taken by the Villian from a consequentialist point of view o Discuss the actions taken by the hero / heroine from a deontology point of view Page 4: Put yourself in the Villain’s shoes: ? What ethical actions based on the Golden Rule would you have taken if you were in his / her shoes? Cite the feelings of remorse / guilt / shame that you would feel as the villain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Movie Riview of My Sisters Keeper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Page 5: Discuss about the lessons you have learnt from the movie. Pour your heart out! Note: You must use the following terminology in your essay: egoism, altruism, Consequentialism, Deontology, Justice (any one of the three: distributive, compensatory or retributive), Golden Rule, Self-Interest, Enlightened, John Rawl’s Veil of Ignorance, Vices Virtues, benefits burdens, Well-off, fair, rights (hak), benevolence, syaithaniyya, Aql Follow all the instructions carefully you would earn GREAT Distributive Justice THE END of Instructions for Movie Review

Marcus Garvey essays

Marcus Garvey essays Marcus Garvey, born in St. Ann, Jamaica in 1887, seemed to have been racially proud since birth. A descendant of the fiercely proud Maroons, Garvey displayed his pride and aided others in developing the same pride in fellow Africans, and also helping to awake Negros. His movements spread throughout the Caribbean and the United States, awakening many Africans to from the boundaries that had kept them under oppression for so long. While Garvey's name has now achieved legendary proportions, and his movement has had an ongoing international impact, Garvey was just another man who embodied the contradictions of his generation. He was seen by his colleagues in a variety of ways, both positive and negative. Despite any controversy, he has come to define both a social phenomenon, organized under the banner of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African Communities League (ACL), and an era of black renaissance, in which Garveyism and the concept of black racial pride became synonymous, (Holly, 132). Garveyism as an ideological movement began in black Harlem in the spring of 1918, and then flourished throughout the black world. Nearly a thousand UNIA divisions were formed, and tens of thousands of members enrolled within the brief period of seven years. The reign of the Garvey movement, as Reverend Adam Clayton Powell, Sr., wrote, "awakened a race consciousness that made Harlem felt around the wor ld," (Holly, 174). Of course, Garveyism is not the only reason that Marcus Garvey is so widely known today. Garveys prized work begins with founding a newspaper in Jamaica entitled The Negro World, following the slogan One God, One Aim, One Destiny. Around 1916, Garvey left his home of Jamaica to spread his ideas to the African Americans. Garvey's farewell address to Jamaicans included the words Look to Africa for the crowning of a Black king; he s ...

Comparing the school of thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparing the school of thought - Essay Example Vision is the central concept of this school of thought (Pearce, and Robinson, 2004; Sadler & Craig, 2003). This vision of course emanates from a leader who formulates the appropriate strategy to attain fulfilment of the former. This strategy formulation happens to use the leader’s intuition, wisdom, experience, judgement, and insight (Mckenna, R. et al, 2007). This presupposes that that the strategy should exist in the mind of the leader in the form of a vision of the organizations future. The leader accomplishes the strategy design using partly aware process. With the leader being heavily guided by the vision single-mindedly and he should keep close control over implementation, reformulating it as necessary (Sadler & Craig, 2003). A leader cannot be called as such without followers. Combine the leader and his or her followers, and a group is created. Something must however bind the members and the leader and such wonderful link is called a culture. Thus, organizations should have a culture or an evidence of shared belief. An organizational culture is therefore defined as the shared belief of persons in the business entity (Sadler & Craig, 2003; Wilcox, 1998; Franklin & Baun, 1995) which these people reflect in their traditions and habits. This would explain the presence of ore tangible manifestations like signs, logos, symbols, uniform, one flag and even design of building or facilities to reflect a common understanding on some (Sadler & Craig, 2003). The best example of having common belief is a church whose members have someway doing things which they themselves give significance. When applied to business organization, culture is thus viewed as a separate school of thought from entrepreneur. Based on this background, it must be easy to see the strategy formulation as a process of social interaction using the shared beliefs and values of the members of the organization to

'The Lisbon Treaty has replaced the old European Union with the new Essay

'The Lisbon Treaty has replaced the old European Union with the new European Union.' (Sch_tze, 2012). Criticall - Essay Example Thus it critically evaluates the statement based on an overview of how it came into being, followed by a review of its four structures to demonstrate to the extent and ways it represents a new way forward. It also reviews how the treaty seeks to increase the effectiveness of the new EU compared to the old EU through more qualified majority voting, institutional changes and co-decision procedure. In addition, it offers an analysis of how the democratic values and the roles of the national parliaments are strengthened compared to the old European Union1. Further analysis includes improvement of citizen’s rights and political changes that signify a change from the old system. Section A: The Lisbon Treaty has replaced the â€Å"old† European Union with the â€Å"new† European Union’ Background of the Treaty of Lisbon The Lisbon Treaty seeks to rectify the structure and the function of the old European Union, which justifies the statement that it has replaced t he â€Å"old† European Union with the â€Å"new† European Union2. Also known as the Lisbon Treaty (LT), it comprises an international agreement that seeks to amend or revise the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Rome, the two treaties that make up the European Union’s (EU’s) constitution3. ... Upon the expansion of EU to comprise 27 member states, it was necessary that amendments be made on the way Europe’s institutions function and how they make decisions. It was further agreed that the treaty shift focus on modernizing European Union, which also justifies the statement that it replaced the old order5. The Lisbon Treaty’s objectives are categorized into four primary areas6, namely to create more transparent and democratic Europe, to promote citizen rights, to build a more efficient Europe and to reposition Europe as a key figure on the global scene7. Shift in decision-making process The Lisbon Treaty transformed the decision-making process of the EU8, thus implying a change from the old system enabling it to work more effectively. First, it seeks to render the EU a stronger yet more coherent say with the creation of a new position of the President of the European Council who chairs the activities of the heads of governments of the member states9. This way, h e works towards facilitating consensus as well ensuring the continuity of the policy. The LT has therefore increased the significance of the Presidency as a decisive organ in the policy-making process10. The president can today mediate between the actors during negotiations while at the same juncture pushing the process towards a favorable direction. He also guides the strategy direction of policy-making. In addition, the LT has created changes to the European Union’s internal decision-making apparatus. The changes are intended to rationalize the process and make it less vulnerable gridlocks by a single member-state. The treaty further attempts to address issues on the democratic transparency and

Environmental Sustainability through Conservation of Forests Research Paper

Environmental Sustainability through Conservation of Forests - Research Paper Example As the population of Canada grows and there is the need for more money or capital to sustain the socio-economic activities of humans, there arises the need to sustainably manage them for the benefit of human beings, animals as well as other plants. The conservation of forests is important as it focuses on the conservation of forests in terms of appropriating them in an environmentally sustainable manner while at the same time ensuring that the human economic activities are carried on. The forests in Canada serve very many purposes amongst them the provision of timber as the raw material for the timber products and construction such as paper, furniture, and building of homes. They also play a role in the upkeep and retention of water which is important in the water management and its conservation in an environment in which forests are situated. Apart from being habitat for various species of plants and animals, the forests also serve the important role of regulating the carbon cycle w hich includes the uptake and release of carbon dioxide and oxygen respectively. This is important for the existence of animals and plants as they take the gas that is relevant to their productivity and release the other that they do not need. The question that then comes about is why should we conserve and use the forests of Canada as a resource in a sustainable manner? Canada has one of the largest forests resources in the world measuring about 400 million hectares of forest cover which is 10 % of the world’s forest cover which is in grave danger of being depleted if it is not used in a sustainable manner. The forests in Canada provide shelter for several animals and act as water filter which provides fresh and clean water owing to the carbon cycle activity that it provides to the environment. This underscores the need for the conservation of these forests by whoever is concerned particularly the government, the industries involved in logging and the citizens at large. The n eed to conserve the forests of Canada stems from the fact that it is in danger of being used uneconomically due to the regulations set by the government as well as the failure by the stakeholders concerned to keep pace with the actual economic appropriation of the forests for its timber.

Urban design and Cites

Urban design and Cites How cities be improved by urban design? Comment on the difficult of new project. ABSTRACT In this essay I will look at the ways in which urban design might be useful by pre-existing cities in an effort to improve functionality, sustainability and the general living experience for city residents. I will focus on the need for quality in urban planning and design, looking at ways in which planning and design must be integrated as a creative and utilitarian process, not ignoring the end goal of regenerating urban space and improving living conditions and the different between traditionalism and modernism. I will examine the theory of ‘cities of tomorrow, exploring the ways in which previous generations have planned for the future through urban design, and also study the developments being made by todays planners and designers to prepare for a new futuristic movement in architecture and design. In order to combat the mistakes of the past and the potential for failings in the future I will look at confusion in urban design, described by Lang as originating from three disciplines working in an unorganized and competitions fashion. In the final section of this essay I will examine the theory of sustainability, and the ways in which planning and design strategies are being created around the need for sustainable urban regeneration, particularly in older cities where resources and space may be limited. It is in these areas where successful urban design will provide the most benefits, building on the foundations of pre-existing developed land and incorporating the design and planning knowledge of the past with that of today. The Problem Urban design is a term focuses on improvement of environment physically, and later in implementation it focuses on managing the development (private) by planning schemes and different legal development controls. The question arises how cities can be improved through urban design? The cities can be established in terms of economic patterns, land use and development, environmental perfection and in the quality of life. Economic Research predicts that the people who want to purchase houses are will to pay more if the neighborhood is more pedestrian oriented. A survey of Americans was taken which elaborates the people are concern with sidewalks and areas to walk and exercise for fun is important to almost 79 percent and very important 44 percent. (Belden, Russonello and Stewart). The informative and service providing essence of the new economy flourishes the network, creates accessibility and the creativity that the pedestrian oriented communities have a tendency to develop. (Ryan). It was founded by the American Economic Review that by doubling the population density, a 6 percent of productivity can be improved thought out the remaining estate. A good urban design also has the influence on trade and local economies. Planners make every effort for walk able place for pedestrians. There should be specified routes and wider areas for consumers rather than having broad roads and narrow walk able passages. The less traffic and its slow pace the commercial area will be more visible to the customers from which more business can be encouraged. The more the people are on streets the more the local business will be served. The study of most of the 22 U.S cities indicates that administrations have started their multi lane traffic in order to slowdown the pace of traffic through which pedestrian feel more comfortable, business activities are improved, more investments on the street. However a protective environment will be created with the improved livability, attraction and a sense of society. (Victoria Transport Policy Institute). Land Use and Development The experts have suggested that the traditional theories of urban design have precious benefits for good urban design such as mass transit, intensive land uses or vertical growth and mixed land use development. They also suggest that green belts are positive areas in residential development to avoid environmental pollution. According to the most of scholars horizontal expansion of the cities should be avoided to decrease the cost of living. Environmental It has been believed that there are not direct advantages of environment from the improvement of urban design. However it is noteworthy that by designing a city in a compact form avoids the environmental pollution or CO2 generated by a large number of vehicles. (Ewing et al). Many studies have been done on environmental pollution or generation of green house gases which can create problems within horizontal extension of cities due to a large number of traffic. According to the study in California by improving the compact design of a city reduced 20 percent less emission per household compared with household in suburbs.(Cervero) One of the key components is the drainage system of the city. Urban design economizes its cost through the compact development. The studies in New Jersey suggested that 30 percent reduction in runoff and 83 percent water utilization can be reduced through the compact development compared to the traditional suburban development. Quality of Life The core importance of urban design is to improve the quality of lifestyle. The economic growth and environmental perfection is useless unless people are facilitated. The modern urban design flourishes the standards of living. Compact development beautifies the societies through walkable neighborhood and the set up of green places. The smart growth movement emerged in the USA in the mid 1990s. Major principles of smart growth were mix land uses, take advantage of compact building design, create a range of housing opportunities and choices attractive communities with a strong sense of place, provide variety of transport choices preserve open space, form land, natural beauty and critical environmental areas make development decisions predictable, fare and cost-effective. Smart growth is concerned to protect land from (premature) development and promote development in desired directions. (Michael Pacione) Second question arises that what hindrances will be faced in order to implement a new urban design? Functional Integration or Mixed Used Development Functional Integration or Mixed Used Development is an anchor of new town building. Duany et al in this book Suburban Nation advice developers to build corner stores within every new neighborhood this can lead to even more retail development that is well connected to the rest of the neighborhood. The idea of mixed land use is an idealistic situation which will not be appropriate. In addition to functional integration they note more socio-economic and life-cycle integration by encouraging the mixture of income levels and generations in their neighborhoods. High Density in the Central City The suggestion of compact development may create traffic congestion and high density of population near commercial zones. Economic Constraints The development programs require a large space of land; the modern urban design can be too expensive to most of the developers. The degree of such programs is sensitive to the market conditions that can not give developers less priority to the design principles according to New Urbanism professionals. Zoning Another barrier to a modern urban design is to confront zoning. Zoning is simply the establishment of district that permits on specified types of land use. It became the best, most politically attractive way to control nuisances and to maintain the property values. In contrast the modernization in urban design encourages integrated land uses. Background to the Problem Urban design has rich history, dating back to the ancient Greeks. It was Hippodamus who introduced the idea that settlements could be designed in a rationale and orderly way. Of course such sentiments did not always lead to ordered communities. Some communities were exceptionally well ordered often a long cosmological line, with the city being setup as a microcosm of heaven on earth, with particular attention paid to the orientation of the structures within the city and to the city itself. Urban design can be well thought-out as branch of the wider field of urban planning. Professional planning began to take form in the late 19th Century, as urban areas grew larger and more complex. By the early 20th century, planning moved away from the ideals of a few charismatic visionaries towards the practice of a cadre of dedicated and certified professionals. Today planning is carried out by many people who would not necessarily be considered professional planners. Professional planning has evolved as means to add rational thought, methods and experience to the process. Changes in urban form over time, from pre-industrial to post industrial/ post modern cities, have been accompanied by change in the dominant form of architecture. Research Design The devised research design for the above study is: 1. To collect data by primary and secondary sources. 2. To analyze data by using qualitative and quantitative methods 3. To review existing literature related to the study. 4. To look at the ways in which urban design might be useful by pre-existing cities in an effort to improve functionality, sustainability and the general living experience for city residents. 5. To focus on the need for quality in urban planning and design, looking at ways in which planning and design must be integrated as a creative and utilitarian process, not ignoring the end goal of regenerating urban space and improving living conditions and the different between traditionalism and modernism 6. To examine the theory of ‘cities of tomorrow, exploring the ways in which previous generations have planned for the future through urban design 7. To study the developments being made by todays planners and designers to prepare for a new futuristic movement in architecture and design. 8. To look at confusion in urban design, described by Lang in order to combat the mistakes of the past and the potential for failings in the future as originating from three disciplines working in an unorganized and competitions fashion. 9. To examine the theory of sustainability, and the ways in which planning and design strategies are being created around the need for sustainable urban regeneration, particularly in older cities where resources and space may be limited. It is in these areas where successful urban design will provide the most benefits, building on the foundations of pre-existing developed land and incorporating the design and planning knowledge of the past with that of today. Expected Results Expected results will be relied on the Langs theory of Distributing Responsibilities thought which complexity in urban design can be resolved. According to him the cities of tomorrow would be the combined effort of different specializations like geographers for site selection, engineers, architects, developers and planners which will accompanied by the sustainable growth in each sector. References Kaplan David H., Wheeler James O., Holloway Steven R., 2004, Urban Geography, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Goto 2040 [online] Hell, Peter,1932. Cities of tomorrow. Lang, J., 2005. Urban design: a typology of procedures and products. Michael P., 2005, Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, Taylor Francis Group, Routledge. Quality in Urban Planning and Design (Conference : 1977 : London). Ratcliffe, J., Stubbs, M. Shepherd, M., 2004. Urban planning and real estate development.

broom jumping Essay -- essays research papers

1. Broom jumping has become one of the most popular African traditions at weddings—traditional and African-centered. According to Harriet Cole in her book, â€Å"Jumping the Broom.† The ritual itself was created by our ancestors during slavery. Because slaves could not legally marry, they created their own rituals to honor their unions. Some say broom jumping comes from an African tribal marriage ritual of placing sticks on the ground representing the couple’s new home. 2. The jumping of the broom is a symbol of sweeping away of the old and welcoming the new, or a symbol of a new beginning. Today the ceremony can be performed at the wedding after the minister pronounces the couple man and wife or at the reception just after the bridal party enters the reception area. 3. The broom jumping ceremony is conducted by an experienced African cultural leader and can last up to 25 minutes. The ceremony includes the Bride, Groom, their families and close friends. It gives all in attendance, including guests, an opportunity to pledge their support to the union. A highlight of the cereomony is the recognition of the spiritual presence of ancestors, and the pouring of libations in their memory. The straws of the broom represent the family and the handle represents the almighty. 4. 5. A fully decorated broom can be purchased at ethnic stores or a regular household broom will suffice. Broom sizes will vary, but it doesn’t matter which you choose. If you decide to use your own broom and ...